Is there a way to reuse a master in a variable font to extend an axis where only the sidebearings change?

Have a look at this thread:

Specifically, you want to add a virtual master. See further down:

Summary:

  • add a “Virtual master” custom parameter in Font Info > Font. Set its opsz location to 100. Don’t change the other values.
  • in Font Info > Features, add a feature “kern”, and write:
pos @All <0 0 0 0 (opsz:100) -20 0 -20 0>;

where -20 is the amount by which you want to change the spacing (or, technically, half).