How can I name my font in Chinese?

You did it right: set a Latin ASCII name, and also the localizedFamilyName parameter.

The software has to support it, of course, but Adobe apps do have settings for showing English names, etc.:

Turn off English names, set the interface language to Chinese (Simplified/Traditional/Hongkong), and perhaps restart, then it should work. I have no experience with Chinese interface/menu language, though.